Symmetric Stem Cell Division
Many adult stem cells use ACD as a means of maintaining stem cell number and thus tissue homeostasis. Stem cells self-renew but also give rise to daughter cells that are committed to lineage-specific differentiation.
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The mode of stem cell division will determine whether the stem cell pool expands to give rise to two stem cells symmetric division stays the same size by giving rise to one stem cell and one differentiated cell asymmetric division or decreases by generating two differentiated daughter cells symmetric differentiative division Figure 1A.
Symmetric stem cell division. In the asymmetric division model a stem cell produces one differentiated cell and one stem cell. To achieve this remarkable task they can undergo an intrinsically asymmetric cell division whereby they segregate cell fate determinants into only one of the two daughter cells. While it has been argued that SCs divide asymmetrically there is also evidence that SCs undergo symmetric division.
Generally these three modes of division coexist. The failure of asymmetric stem cell division can have comparable deleterious consequences for cells tissues and organisms. ACDs can support stem cell self-renewal and is critical to maintain the proper balance between self-renewal and differentiation of stem cells Figure 1.
A stem cell divides into two stem cells with probability c 1 - a - b All three possibilities have been experimentally observed see refs. The mode of stem cell division will determine whether the stem cell pool expands to give rise to two stem cells symmetric division stays the same size by giving rise to one stem cell and one differentiated cell asymmetric division or decreases by generating two differentiated daughter cells symmetric differentiative division Figure 1A. During tissue homeostasis normal stem cells self-renew and repopulate the diverse cell types found within the tissue via a series of carefully controlled symmetric and asymmetric cell divisions ACDs.
Alternatively they can orient their division plane so that only one of the two daughter cells. Growth curves for different choices of parameters are illustrated in Fig. The two daughter cells resulting from symmetric stem cell division have identical fates while two daughter cells resulting from asymmetric stem cell division have different fates.
Indeed failure in asymmetric stem cell division has been speculated to lead to stem cell overproliferation due to symmetric self-renewal or to stem cell depletion due to symmetric differentiation Morrison and Kimble 2006. In addition symmetric cell division can. For instance symmetric cell division enables stem cells to generate two daughter cells each with properties that are indistinguishable from the mother cell which is necessary for expanding stem cell reservoirs if these two daughters acquire stem cell fate.
This decision therefore impacts the type and number of progeny produced and ultimately population dynamics leading to tissue loss or. In the symmetric division model a stem cell produces two differentiated cells or two stem cells. The notion that solid tumors comprise a subset of cancer stem cells CSCs with dysregulated self-renewal and excessive symmetric cell divisions has led to numerous studies aimed to elucidate the mechanisms regulating ACD under steady-state conditions during stem-cell expansion and in cancer.
Symmetric SC division has been speculated to be key for expanding cell numbers in development and regeneration after injury. Symmetric and asymmetric stem cell divisions. We found that the rate of symmetric division is limited to 1-2 of total germline stem cell GSC divisions but it increases with expression of a cell adhesion molecule E-cadherin or a regulator of the actin cytoskeleton Moesin which may modulate adhesiveness of germ cells to the stem cell niche.
Recent advances in inducible genetic labeling provided ample evidence that symmetric stem cell divisions play an important role in adult mammalian homeostasis. The mode of cell division. Thus this is the key difference between symmetric and asymmetric stem cell division.
It is well understood that the two types of cell divisions differ in terms of the stem cells flexibility to expand when needed. Symmetric stem cell division produces two differentiated cells or two stem cells from a mother stem cell. Stem cells SCs perform the task of maintaining tissue homeostasis by both self-renewal and differentiation.
Our results indicate that the decision regarding asymmetric vs. However it might lead to uncontrolled growth and malignancies such as cancer. Symmetric division is a dynamically regulated process that contributes to tissue homeostasis responding to the needs of the tissue.
In order to explore the role of symmetric SC division. In contrast asymmetric stem cell division produces one stem cell and one differentiated cell from a mother stem cell. This decision therefore impacts the type and number of progeny produced and ultimately population dynamics leading to tissue loss or malformation.
Here we review recent progress on ACD discussing conservation between stem and non-stem cell systems molecular mechanisms and the biological meaning of ACD. Asymmetric cell division ACD produces two daughter cells with distinct fates or characteristics.
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